DC Fuse and DC MCB

A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and must be replaced or rewired, depending on its type.

DC Miniature Circuit Breaker (DC MCB) is particularly designed for DC over-current and short-circuit protection in an electrical circuit. DC MCB and the AC MCB have the same functions. Only application scenarios are different. DC MCB is mainly used for direct current (DC) systems applications, line Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Solar Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The voltage state of DC MCB is generally DC 12V-1500V.

Reference:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)

Array and Array Junction Box

We commonly use 72 Cell panels or 144 Half-Cut Cell Panels. A 72-cell panel produces 46-50 Volts while not under load. At maximum power point, it drops around 37-42 Volts. A standard On-grid Inverter requires a much higher voltage than this. Sometimes off-grid inverters also require multiple modules in series. 
A solar photovoltaic array is formed by a series/parallel combination of SPV modules to attain the desired voltage and current level. Usually in an Array modules are kept in series to obtain a certain voltage. Arrays are kept in parallel to increase the current.
Before connecting to the inverter sometimes protection is required (if it is not built in the inverter). Like DC Fuse, DC MCB, DC SPD and Current Measurement Unit. These are installed in an Array Junction Box or String Combiner Box. 

Reference:
[1] https://creativestudio1973.blogspot.com/2021/06/introduction-to-solar-panel.html
[2] https://creativestudio1973.blogspot.com/2021/06/on-grid-systems.html
[3] https://creativestudio1973.blogspot.com/2021/09/surge-protection-device.html
[4] https://creativestudio1973.blogspot.com/2023/11/dc-fuse-and-dc-mcb.html

Hydrometer

 A Hydrometer is a device for measuring some characteristics of a liquid, such as its density (weight per unit volume) or specific gravity (weight per unit volume compared with water). 

A hydrometer usually consists of a sealed hollow glass tube with a wider bottom portion for buoyancy, a ballast such as lead or mercury for stability, and a narrow stem with graduations for measuring. The liquid to test is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates to relative density. Hydrometers can contain any number of scales along the stem corresponding to properties correlating to the density.

A simple hydrometer consists of a glass float inside a glass tube, as shown above.

The hydrometer float is weighted at one end and sealed at both ends. A scale calibrated in specific gravity is positioned lengthwise along the body of the float. The float is placed inside the glass tube, and the fluid to be tested is drawn into the tube.

As the fluid is drawn into the tube, the hydrometer float will sink to a certain level in the fluid. The extent to which the hydrometer float protrudes above the level of the fluid depends on the specific gravity of the fluid. The reading on the float scale at the surface of the fluid is the specific gravity of the fluid.

The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer correlates to relative density.

Hydrometers are calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits. In our application, we measure the Specific Gravity of Battery Acid.

Reference:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer
[2] https://www.britannica.com/technology/hydrometer
[3] https://instrumentationtools.com/how-to-measure-specific-gravity-of-battery/
[4] https://www.batteriesinaflash.com/how-to-measure-specific-gravity